Large-scale land and forest fires regularly impact 30 million to 50 million hectares of land in Southeast Asia. These fires can generate smoke clouds covering hundreds of millions of hectares for months at a time, resulting in transboundary smoke haze that has severely impacted parts of all 10 ASEAN member states (AMS). As a result, over the past 25 years, the ASEAN region has experienced economic losses of hundreds of billions of US dollars together with immense social cost